Greening Ammonia toward the Solar Ammonia Refinery
In the remainder of this article, highlighted are some emerging strategies for the production of solar ammonia, which exemplify methods that avoid the use of renewable
Our analysis reveals that a majority of the optimized facilities for electrified ammonia production predominantly utilize wind energy, reflecting its significant role in the sensitivity of the model. To a lesser extent, in areas with high solar irradiance, photovoltaic energy becomes more favorable, contributing to diversity in energy sources.
It is recommended that conversions, no matter how low, be reported, the purity of the 14 N 2 and 15 N 2 feed gases be at least 99.999%, and the type and amount of impurities, even at these low levels, be identified. Overall, there are a number of different routes and strategies for ammonia production using solar energy as summarized in Figure 2.
Therefore, the preference between wind and photovoltaic energy for electrified ammonia production is a reflection of the optimal utilization of local renewable resources, ensuring both the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the production process.
A solar to ammonia efficiency of 15.6 % is achieved, which is 4.6 % higher than the state-of-the-art efficiency of solar-driven electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. By analyzing the Sankey diagram, the energy loss of photovoltaic cells and the heat losses contribute more than 63 % of the total solar input.
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