The price of photovoltaic energy storage systems in Astana typically ranges from $400 to $1,200 per kWh, depending on three main factors: "Astana's extreme temperature variations demand specially engineered batteries – this impacts pricing by 15-20% compared to standard models. ". To determine the expenses associated with lithium energy storage power supply, several factors must be considered. 56 yuan/Wh in Chinese currency, while the battery pack price has decreased by 20% to $115/kWh, or 0.