The cost of a grid-connected energy storage power station typically ranges from $400 to $1,000 per kWh of installed capacity, varying significantly based on technology types and regional factors. . The Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Storage Grand Challenge (ESGC) is a comprehensive program to accelerate the development, commercialization, and utilization of next-generation energy storage technologies and sustain American global leadership in energy storage. The program is organized. . In this work we describe the development of cost and performance projections for utility-scale lithium-ion battery systems, with a focus on 4-hour duration systems. The most significant influences on. .